bat creek stone translation

serving as a word divider, rather than by a Carried by Barnes and Noble bookstores. American Antiquity 51(2):365-369. When. [1] According to Emmert, the site consisted of one large mound (Mound1) on the east bank of the creek and two smaller mounds (Mound2 and Mound3) on the west bank. At the base of the mound "nine skeletons were found lying on the original surface of the ground, surrounded by dark colored earth." this affinity until it was pointed out by Mertz, Ayoob and Anonymous "Canaanites in America: A New Scripture in Stone?". [5] McCarter concluded, "It seems probable that we are dealing here not with a coincidental similarity but with a fraud". In the published literature, there is no indication that any Cherokee scholar has ever agreed with Cyrus Thomas's interpretation of the Bat Creek stone, nor have we encountered any references to the stone in the Cherokee linguistic or ethnographic literature (e.g., Mooney 1892, as well as examples noted below). The stone has some crude carvings that some interpret as "paleo-Hebrew" but have previously been considered an early form of Cherokee or completely fake. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. That Emmert read this journal, much less had a research note published in it, indicates that he was a rather learned individual. It is for this reason that we consider it important to bring the Bat Creek controversy to the attention of professional archaeologists; many of us are likely to be questioned by journalists and the general public about this issue in the future. 32 A.D. and 769 A.D.(McCulloch 1988). I have just received and read your Burial Mounds (i.e., "Burial Mounds in the Northern Sections of the United States" in B.A.E. Cultivating trust, producing knowledge: The management of archaeological labour and the making of a discipline. This conclusion is based on assessments by two Near Eastern language specialists, one of whom (Cyrus Gordon) considers some (but not all) of the signs to be Paleo-Hebrew. Biblical Archaeologist 42:137-140. with an uptick at the end. however, reflect on the Mound Survey's data-collecting In our discussion below, we refer to these signs as i through viii, from left to right; sign viii is located just below the main body of the inscription. [1] This interpretation began in the 1970s when the stone was examined by professor Dr. Cyrus Gordon, scholar of "Biblical and Near Eastern studies" and known "proponent of Precolumbian contacts between the old and new worlds". A picnic table and a small sign [4] He went on to claim, "it does not by itself indicate anything more than a minimal contact with the New World by a few Hebrew sailors". 1-2), Gordon was quoted as saying that: "Various pieces of evidence point in the direction of migrations (to North America) from the Mediterranean in Roman times. Furthermore, in his field notes, John Emmert mentions the presence of "wet and muddy" soil at the base of the mound (the level at which the burials were found), which raises the possibility of contamination from groundwater. Williams, Stephen [3] He asserted that the inscription "could be translated as some variation of 'For the Jews'". [4] But these claims by Gordon and McCulloh have been silenced by archeologists who "have rejected the Bat Creek stone as a fake". word divider read, from right to left, LYHWD, or "for Judea." Fowke did not make this statement out of ignorance of the Bat Creek stone's existence, because not only had he extensively studied the lithic material recovered by the mound survey (Fowke 1896), but also mentioned the stone in one of his own publications (1902). W.H. The Bat Creek Stone Courtesy of Tennessee Anthropological Association Once the engraved stone was in Emmert's hands, local Republicans tried to get Emmert to sendthe stone to Knoxville to have it "translated." The actual chart which Blackman used to copy theletters had been published in a book in l882. 1987 Cult Archaeology and Creationism: Understanding PseudoscientificBeliefs about the Past. www.rense.com/general28/weks.htm, dated 8/28/02. Considering his initial enthusiasm (Thomas 1890, 1894), to say nothing of the potential significance of the artifact - if authentic - to American archaeology, the conspicuous absence of the stone from his later publications suggests to us that Thomas later may have come to recognize the Bat Creek stone as a fraud. 3 at Bat Creek is also rather similar (to Woodland mounds -authors) but apparently possessed non-typical traits such as copper ornaments and enigmatic engraved stone" (1952:218) "The relationships and cultural significance of much of the material excavated by the earlier archaeologists in this area can be explained in light of recent and intensive investigations, but some of the phenomena uncovered by Emmert has never been duplicated. No reference to the stone appears in the following significant publications: Gilbert (1943), Harrington (1922), Hodge (1907), Mooney (1892, 1900, 1907), Moorehead (1910, 1914), Setzler and Jennings (1941), Shetrone (1930), Swanton (1946, 1952), and Webb (1938). 145. the inscription matches Hebrew much better than Cherokee. In: Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, edited by Frederick W. Hodge, pp. [9] Historian Sarah E. Baires writes that the attribution of the mound builders to "any groupother than Native Americans" reflects the "practices" of European settlers that primarily "included the erasure of Native American ties to their cultural landscapes". of the Norse settlement at L'anse Meadows (Ingstad 1964), no convincing evidence for such occurrences has ever been found or recognized by professional researchers. Washington. Archaeology 41(5):62-70. It has nevertheless been accepted for publication in This again suggests that Emmert was certainly not an ignorant man. 1994 BAR . However, Thomas (1890, 1894) never offered a translation of the inscription. Pre-Mississippian artifacts dating to the Archaic and Woodland periods were also found. Mertz (1964) herself had first proposed to maybe 100 A.D. 1983 The Secret: America in World History Before Columbus. However, the most telling difference between the Bat LYHW- on both the Yehucal bulla and the Masonic illustration A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas in American Antiquity," The stones inscription was translated into English by several Hebrew language scholars. Specimens similar (albeit not necessarily identical) to the Bat Creek bracelets are we! 1946 The Indians of the Southeastern United States. of the inscription. publish the details Washington. trees and grapevines as long ago as the oldest settler 1981 Radiocarbon Dating in Eastern Arctic Archaeology: a Flexible Approach. The two vertical strokes above Day, Joan 1993, pp. online theory of the Bat Creek inscription. The Bat Creek word also has the remnant of a sixth letter, earth. "The Bat Creek inscription (also called the Bat Creek stone or Bat Creek tablet) is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889 by the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology's Mound Survey, directed by entomologist Cyrus Thomas.The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but in 2004, similarities to an inscription . Arundale, Wendy H. We believe that Emmert's motive for producing (or causing to have made) the Bat Creek inscription was that he felt the best way to insure permanent employment with the Mound Survey was to find an outstanding artifact, and how better to impress Cyrus Thomas than to "find" an object that would prove Thomas' hypothesis that the Cherokee built most of the mounds in eastern Tennessee? Harrington, M.R. Mound 2 was a burial mound approximately 3 m tall and 13 m in diameter. ). [14][1] Gordon concluded that Thomas had been viewing the inscription "upside down", and when re-read in its proper orientation, the inscription represented "ancient Hebrew". [2], North America has a vast and significant history, a "rich history" that belongs to "sophisticated Native American civilizations" and pre-dates the introduction of European settler colonialism. Before exploring this issue, we will state that we have no unequivocal data to present. string LYHW- in the word LYHWKL, or Reprinted in Ancient American Vol. Radiocarbon dating of the wood spools returned a date of 32-769 AD. 1890 The Cherokee in Pre-Columbian Times. The Bat Creek Stone: A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas, "Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology". viii: Again we concur with the initial assessment by Gordon (Mahan 1971:43) that this sign is "not in the Canaanite system." [8] The reasons are complicated for the popularity of this obfuscation of the facts of Native American societies, but it is clear that it reflects the sentiments of European settler colonialism. http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/arch/AmerAntiq.pdf. Find info on Scientific Research and Development Services companies in , including financial statements, sales and marketing contacts, top competitors, and firmographic insights. diagonal word divider used on the Bat Creek inscription And where was this stone recovered? 1964 The Mine Dark Sea. "The engraved stone lay partially under the back part of the skull" (Thomas 1894:393). 131. That Gordon's penchant for pre-Columbian contacts lies outside mainstream scholarly research is evident in the following: "No politically astute member of the establishment who prizes his professional reputation is likely to risk his good name for the sake of a truth that his peers (and therefore the public) may not be prepared to accept for fifty or a hundred years" (Gordon 1974:20). 1910 Cyrus Thomas Obituary. and 1989 reprint edition; illustration not in 1867 edition). [2] This excavation was part of a larger series of excavations that aimed to clarify the controversy regarding who is responsible for building the various mounds found in the Eastern United States. Journal of Mormon History, Vol. [1] Emmert claimed to have found the tablet in Tipton Mound 3 during an excavation of Hopewell mounds in Loudon County, Tennessee. While it is true that Roman period brasses had a similar metallurgical content (cf. Hence, Thomas's interpretation, although incorrect, at least had some basis. 1907 Cherokee. Hebrew writing inscription found in America- The Bat Creek Stone Biblical Truth 144 280 subscribers Subscribe 303 views 10 months ago Copyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the copyright. In: Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1890-'91, pp. In: Archaeology of the Eastern United States, edited by J.B. Griffin, pp. or "dh ' 7NESb" in Thomas's orientation. 1982. It also seems worth mentioning that Cyrus Thomas was neither the first nor the last archaeologist to be taken in by a questionable artifact. The Book of the Descendants of Doctor Benjamin Lee and Dorothy Gordon, American Antiquity 46(2):244-271. The metallurgical evidence is, in itself, equivocal with respect to the age of the brass bracelets; their composition could place them within a period spanning nearly two millennia. that looks nothing like the second Bat Creek letter. disguise his or her source. Exposed," American Antiquity 64 (Oct. 2004): 761-769. [3] With a budget of $60,000 provided by the U.S. government and the dedication of twelve years of mound excavations, Thomas worked to give insight into who the mound-builders were. Peabody Museum, Cambridge. [16] It has subsequently been loaned to the Museum of the Cherokee Indian in Cherokee, N.C., where it has been on display since 2015. Kirk, Lowell, Try these: joseph smithfree moviesfaith crisishomeschool. If reversed, the sign would represent a passable Cherokee "gun.". It is safe therefore to base important conclusions only on monuments in reference to which there is no doubt, and on articles whose history, as regards the finding, is fully known, except where the type is well established from genuine antiquities. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly. Stone translation reads: "For the Judeans" Background Information The Bat Creek Stone was discovered by Mr. John W. Emmert in an undisturbed grave mound, number 3 of three mounds found together along the Little Tennessee River near the mouth of Bat Creek in 1889. While it is possible that the wood fragments represent the remains of an object placed with the deceased individual, they might also have derived from the "dark soil" (possibly a midden deposit) at the base of the mound on which the 9 skeletons were located (Thomas 1894). "The Cherokee Solution to the Bat Creek Enigma". pp. We demonstrate here that the inscribed signs do not represent legitimate Paleo-Hebrew and present evidence suggesting that the stone was recognized as a forgery by Cyrus Thomas and other contemporary researchers. Does Arnold Murray understand Hebrew? 7), as shown below, but inverted to Gordon's proposed Hebrew orientation. 1970a A Canaanite Columbus? the fit as Hebrew is by no means perfect (McCarter 1993). Wilson et al. Masonic Publishing Co., New York, 3rd ed., 1868, p. 134. The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but aformentioned Dr. Gordon correctly identified them as Hebrew. This would reconcile their reading of the inscription with conceivably be either an aleph or a waw, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. Welsh Discover America," unsigned online press release at The Bat Creek stone (Catalogue No. While few archaeologists would deny a priori the possibility of early voyages to the New World, the simple fact is that, with the exception Other individuals who provided source material used in this paper include Charles Faulkner, J. Houston McCulloch, Joseph B. Mahan, Michael Moore, and Stephen Williams. Their findings were subsequently published and an online version is available on their website. McCulloch, J. Huston The Bat Creek Stone remains the property of the Smithsonian Institution, and is catalogued in the collections of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, NMNH catalog number 8013771 and original US National Museum number A134902-0. A.D. LYHW- beginning the longer second word in both cases. text. have published a book separated by a dot or short diagonal stroke Scott Wolter/cc by-sa 3.0 When John W. Emmert and Cyrus Thomas excavated Bat Creek Mound in 1889, they stumbled across a stone with eight unfamiliar characters. [15][1] McCulloch mostly agreed with Gordon's assessment of the stone as Ancient Hebrew, and expressed, "My own conviction is that the Bat Creek inscription is a rustic, and therefore imperfect, specimen of paleo-Hebrew". Thomas's original Cherokee interpretation, Learn how and when to remove this template message, pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories, Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories, "The Bat Creek Stone Revisited: A Fraud Exposed", "Report of the Archaeopetrography Investigation", "The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean Refugees Escape to Tennessee? The Tellico Plains Mountain Press, undated. Bat Creek: Excavations in the Smithsonian Archives,", "The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean cases. Unfortunately, Emmert had a drinking problem which "renders his work uncertain" (Thomas to Powell, 20 September 1888), and led to his dismissal. In: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. Mainfort and Kwas does show that Gordon, ed., Your email address will not be published. Testing by the Smithsonian (Thomas 1894) and the University of Tennessee (Schroedl 1975) suggests that this structure was a multi-stage Mississippi an platform mound (perhaps lacking associated structures on the mound surfaces). vii: Our comments pertaining to sign vi apply in toto here as well. Bat Creek stone, which was professionally 1970 The Davenport Conspiracy. 1968 Mound Builders of Ancient America: The Archaeology of a Myth. this alternate form of Q is already present on Bat Creek, Curiously, while urging readers to "seek out the views of qualified scholars" about the signs on the Bat Creek stone, McCulloch (1988), an amateur epigrapher, offers interpretations of three signs (vi, vii, and viii) that contradict the published assessments of one of the stone's most outspoken proponents (Cyrus Gordon, a published Near Eastern language specialist), implying that despite his own lack of expertise in Paleo-Hebrew, McCulloch considers his own opinion to be as valid as those of specialists in the field. The Bat Creek Inscription: Cherokee or Hebrew? "The Translation" with Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, a Special Documentary, in which Dr. Arnold takes us to Louden Co, TN, the Bat Creek Stone location, providing the only ACCURATE translation of this Ancient Paleo-Hebrew writing over 2000 years old right here in the great USA! uses a word divider. R. Stieglitz and Marshall McKusick, in the The late Semitic languages These inscriptions generally fail to stand up under close scrutiny by paleographers (i.e., they contain numerous errors, represent a jumble of several Old World scripts, or consist of random marks on stone that have the appearance of letters), while the circumstances surrounding their "discovery" are invariably dubious. 1964 Vinland Ruins Prove Vikings Found the New World. [7] The Myth of the Mound-builders is a damaging belief that discredits Native American peoples by claiming they were not the creators of the phenomenal mounds, and another group of people, frequently referred to as a "Vanished Race", are responsible for their creation and persisting splendor. 47-178. Since neither of the authors have training in ancient Near Eastern languages, we requested an assessment of the Bat Creek inscription from Frank Moore Cross, Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages at Harvard University. Our mission is to defend, protect, and preserve free speech online for all people. Macoy, Robert, General History, Cyclopedia and Dictionary of First European Americans?," undated website at 1975 Unexpected Faces in Ancient America, 1500 B.C. The inscribed stone was found in an undisturbed Hopewell burial mound along the Little Tennessee River near the mouth of Bat Creek. The National Geographic 126(5) :708-734. 169-413. History of the Human Sciences, Vol. N.D.C. Robert Stieglitz (1976) confirmed Gordon's reading of the illustration, making the Bat Creek word "for Judea." 1988b Fantastic Messages From the Past. McCulloch 1988), virtually identical brasses were produced in England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Day 1973; Shaw and Craddock 1984). for $6.00 from the Jefferson Chapman, Director of the McClung Museum at the University of Tennessee, generously provided copies of unpublished reports and correspondence by and pertaining to John Emmert. This CHANNEL IS NOT MONITIZED and never will be monetized. 207-225. My reply to the new Mainfort Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. Archaeology and Creationism, edited by Francis B. Harrold and Baymond A. Eve, University of Iowa Press, pp. Two additional parallel lines near the widest part of the stone do not appear on the original Smithsonian Institution illustration (Thomas 1894:394) and seem to have been produced by a recent researcher testing the depth of the patina. 5-18. "Did Judean Refugees Escape to Tennessee? The owner stated that he had cut trees Thomas, Cyrus Thames & Hudson, London, 1968. The radiocarbon date and the publication of McCulloch's article in a local professional journal have significantly enhanced the Bat Creek stone's status as the "cornerstone" of the pre-Columbian contacts movement. report. 1941 Peachtree Mound and Village Site, Cherokee County, North Carolina.

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