edfu temple texts translation

By the time of Ptolemy XII, the fortunes of Ptolemaic Kingdom had waned, and it was no longer the mighty and prosperous state it once was. THE two texts which are the subject of this article form part of the frieze-decoration on the exterior of the east and west walls of the Outer Hypostyle Hall of the temple of Horus at Edfu,a Text I being on the west, and Text II on the east, wall.b Published as long ago as 1929 in Chassinat, Le Temple d'Edfou,c iv, 330-1, they have never, so far This paper examines one of the epithets throughout the texts of Edfu where adominating Horus of Behdety interacts with the forces of chaos as a lion bytrampling, retreating, smiting and devouring.. According to Reymond, the Seven Sages described by the Edfu Building Texts were enlightened survivors of a cataclysm that nearly destroyed Earth, who then proceeded to help facilitate the beginning of a new age, referred to as the First Time. This is due to the fact that the Ptolemies built a new temple on the site of the older one. I found Reymond's translations of the Edfu texts to be incoherent and poorly done and decided to discuss these texts with Abd'El Hakim in Egypt. UFO Author Will Lead Exploration of Rendlesham Forest Encounters Site, Debunking the Aryan Race Myth and Separating Fact from Fiction, Mysterious Lake Monster Causes Underwater Eruption (Video), The Kings Champion: Medieval Coronation Roles, With a Twist, Digging the Deep Blue: Challenges and Triumphs in Underwater Archaeology, The Roman Empire: A Story of Power, Glory, and Tragedy, The Mongol Onslaught: When Ukraine Fell to the Horde (Video), From Horror to Hope: Surviving the Black Plague (Video), 1,200-Year-Old Viking Ship Burial Found in Supposedly Empty Mound, Lost City Revealed: The Mysteries of Nan Madol Uncovered (Video), Gold, Salt, and Islam: The Story of Koumbi Saleh, Outside the Battlefield, What Was Daily Life Like for Medieval Knights? THE EDFU-PROJECT The inscriptions of the Temple of Edfu The city of Edfu is situated in Upper Egypt, about 100 km south of Luxor on the west bank of the Nile. These documents , had been handed down from the legendary epoch known to the ancient . , (Sahidic); (Bohairic); also spelt Idfu, or in modern French as Edfou) is an Egyptian city, located on the west bank of the Nile River between Esna and Aswan, with a population of approximately sixty thousand people.Edfu is the site of the Ptolemaic Temple of Horus and an . A volume of line drawings of Edfou VII, which . The pylon records the glory of Horus, based on the transfer of Horus from Osiris and Re.1. "useRatesEcommerce": false This is the classic way to depict the pharaoh as the triumphant conqueror of Egypts enemies. The text is recorded on the outside of the retaining wall of the temple of Horus at Edfu. [10] It was the center of several festivals sacred to Horus. For instance, archaeological excavations in the western and northern parts of the town have uncovered material from the earlier periods of the towns occupation. Despite the end of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Temple of Edfu continued to flourish during the Roman period. The construction of the temple took such a long time to complete due to the many nationalistic uprisings in Upper Egypt during that period which disrupted the construction process. Kyphi (Kapet) was one of the most popular types of temple incense in Ancient Egypt and it was also used as a remedy for a number of ailments. Highly Influenced. Architect: Imhotep. In addition, the government of Egypt, since 2003, has been seeking international recognition for the cultural and historical significance of the temple. In these. Inschriften aus dem Tempel des Horus von Edfu, Artemis & Winkler Verlag, Zrich und Mnchen 1994; Dsseldorf und Zrich 1998, Dieter Kurth, The Temple of Edfu. Then enter the name part After the Roman period, the temple was gradually buried by desert sand, and silt from the Nile. The text is recorded on the outside of the retaining wall of the temple of Horus at Edfu. t-rwd . The gateway rises to a height of 36 m (118 ft). Dimensions. Expand. It consists of 65 columns of text in 8 panels, each introduced by an offering scene, lower register (above base) of the external face of the eastern enclosure wall, starting from the northern extremity (PM 6.167.337-344 third register, plan p. 130). cit., p.78, "SPOTLIGHT INTERVIEW 2005 - Dr. Zahi Hawass", "Night visits to Temple of Horus allowed as of New Year", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Edfu&oldid=1128100567, 3rd-century BC religious buildings and structures, Former religious buildings and structures in Egypt, Religious buildings and structures destroyed by arson, Articles containing Koin Greek-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 December 2022, at 10:50. Thanks Wu! By the time of Ptolemy XII, the fortunes of Ptolemaic Kingdom had waned, and it was no longer the mighty and prosperous state it once was. One of the scenes in the relief depicts the Feast of the Beautiful Meeting, which was an annual fertility festival celebrating the reunion of Horus of Edfu and Hathor (his wife) of Dendera. The first stone was laid on 23 August 237 BC and it is only a century later, on 10 September 142 BC, that the temple was officially consecrated in the presence of the King himself, Ptolemy VIII and his wife. The city was known in the Hellenistic period in Koin Greek: and in Latin as Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus, who was identified as Apollo under the interpretatio graeca. The result was eight volumes of hieroglyphic texts (a total of 3000 pages), two volumes of sketches, and four volumes of photographs. Edfu: the temple of Horus The construction of the temple of Horus goes back to the Ptolemaic period. The ceiling of the outer hypostyle hall is supported by 12 massive columns. A Visual Tour (Video), Behind the Scenes of Ancient Greece: Exploring the Daily Life of its People (Video), Trove of Ancient Artifacts Discovered in Paestum Include Dolphin Statuette of Eros, TheiaGreek Goddess of Light, the Sun, the Moon, and Wisdom, Greeces East Attica In Antiquity: Playground Of Gods, Heroes And Heroines, A Face to the Legend: The Quest to Reconstruct Cleopatra's Look (Video), Aspasia - The Real-Life Helen of Troy? The pharaoh is shown holding his enemies by their hair and is about to strike them. This is not a cadastre, but, rather, a tax list of cultivated land where each parcel is defined by its topographic situation, status of ownership, the name of the cultivator, the area of plot and tax assessment. After the Roman period, the temple was gradually buried by desert sand, and silt from the Nile. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The translation of the texts carved in Hieroglyph on the walls, columns, and ceilings of Edfu temple makes it possible today to approach Egypt with more direct and concrete elements when investigating the unknown fruits of Ancient Egypt. This is an invaluable resource for modern scholars, as the texts have been used to help them understand older religious sources. During his reign, which lasted from 246 to 222/1 BC, Ptolemy managed to reunite Egypt and Cyrenaica, and triumphed over the Seleucids during the Third Syrian War. Thanks for sharing this article look forward to reading more of your article's. edfu texts. Ancient Desert Mystery Did Thousands Vanish Without A Trace Because Of An Ominous Prophecy And Revenge? In addition, the government of Egypt, since 2003, has been seeking international recognition for the cultural and historical significance of the temple. These include mastaba tombs from the Old Kingdom , and burials dating to the Middle Kingdom . Lastly, a Nilometer, to the east of the Sanctuary, was used by temple priests to measure the level of the Nile. Egypts native temples benefitted greatly from Ptolemy IIIs rule. The depiction of this ritual decorates the walls along the two stairways. Translation of texts of the Central Hall of Edfu 422 Translation of texts of the Central Hall of Kom Ombo 497 Appendix I 564 Appendix II 568 . Apart from initiating the building the Temple of Edfu, Ptolemy III also made donations to many other temples, and restored the divine statues plundered from the temples by the Persians. Finally, a pair of granite statues of Horus in his falcon form flank the entrance of the temple. One of the most notable features of the peristyle hall is its festival relief, which is found on the inner walls of the pylon and continues along the bottom of the wall. ), Records of the Past Being English Translations of the Assyrian and Egyptian Monuments [ROP], vols. [First posted in AWOL 28 December 2013, updated 19 August 2016] Edfu Project Library. Ein gyptischer Tempel, gesehen mit den Augen der Alten gypter, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1994, Dieter Kurth, Treffpunkt der Gtter. My interests range from conventional to radical interpretations of the archaeological/textual/pictorial data set. [1] It is one of the best preserved shrines in Egypt. Over the centuries, desert sand and silt from the Nile covered the temple, eventually burying it entirely. According to Reymonds translation of the texts, the First Time was an era that was based on what existed before. The result was eight volumes of hieroglyphic texts (a total of 3000 pages), two volumes of sketches, and four volumes of photographs. In 1986, Professor Dr. Dieter Kurth of Hamburg University initiated a long-term project that is devoted to a complete translation of the hieroglyphic inscriptions of the Temple of Edfu[2][3] in Upper Egypt (Temple of Horus) that meets the requirement of both linguistics and literary studies. Additionally we link publications about late egyptian temples. The Temple of Edfu. In addition, the research comprises all . Feature Flags: { Sandstone was procured from these quarries and transported all over Egypt for construction works. This is the classic way to depict the pharaoh as the triumphant conqueror of Egypts enemies. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. On the eastern side of the inner hypostyle hall is a chamber for storing liquid offerings, whereas solid offerings were kept in a chamber on the western side of the hall. It was finally finished in 57 BC, during the reign of Ptolemy XII Auletes. I-XII, London, 1873-1881 All . Has data issue: false Temple of Edfu In the Old, Middle and New Kingdom Periods. I didn't think it would be this difficult to locate. Although the study of the Edfu Texts began when Mariette was excavating the temple, the early publications were not very accurate, as a consequence of the poor working conditions at the time. Still, some researchers suggest ZepTepiwasanactualhistoricalepoch. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The blackened ceiling of the hypostyle hall, visible today, is believed to be the result of arson intended to destroy religious imagery that was then considered pagan. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. Edfu was one of several temples built during the Ptolemaic Kingdom, including the Dendera Temple complex, Esna, the Temple of Kom Ombo, and Philae. This part of the temple is divided into two parts: the outer hypostyle hall and the inner hypostyle hall. Temple type: ritual temples. Read more. The language of the text, arising within the long tradition of Egyptian temple building, is stylized and poetic, but remarkably, the priest fulfilled his assignment with such accuracy, devotion, and enthusiasm that the monumental inscription can be used today by the modern visitor as a reliable and informative guide to the temple of Edfu. Edfou VI, PeWe Verlag Gladbeck 2014, Dieter Kurth, Edfu. Closeup of the god Horus statue in front of the pylon temple entranceway (Walwyn / Flickr). Francis Dymoke, a 67-year-old farmer from eastern England, will play a ceremonial role in the upcoming coronation of King Charles III, and carry forward an ancient royal tradition while at it. The Ptolemies were not only facing internal problems, but external ones as well. He copied the texts, inscriptions, and scenes from the temple walls and published his research consisting of fourteen volumes. Middle Kingdom Copies of Pyramid Texts, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 2006 (Oriental Institute Publications, vol. It was built on the site of an earlier, smaller temple also dedicated to Horus, although the previous structure was oriented eastwest rather than northsouth as in the present site. One of the them, however, lies on the ground, as it no longer has legs. . Construction of the pylon gateway was initiated under the rule of Ptolemy IX Soter . One of the most interesting epochs mentioned in Egyptian mythology is Zep Tepi. According to Reymond's translation of the texts, the First Time was an era that was based on . Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. Like the outer hypostyle hall, this roofed courtyard also has 12 columns, though with a slightly different orientation. English. Temple of Horus. Although the construction of the Temple of Edfu began in 237 BC, it was not completed by the time of Ptolemy IIIs death. During the New Year Festival, the statue of Horus would be placed on the barque and brought to the temples rooftop. As Robert M. Schoch Ph.D. and Robert Bauval write in their bookOrigins of the Sphinx: Celestial Guardian of Pre-Pharaonic Civilization, Reymond fluctuated between what she termed the mythical temple of Edfu and the historical temple of Edfu, implying that she was unsure whether the events described in the Edfu Texts were mythical history or real history: We are of the opinion that the Edfu temple records preserve the memory of a predynastic religious center which once existed near to Memphis, on which the Egyptians looked as on [sic] the homeland of the Egyptian temple. It was during Zep Tepi Gods established their kingdom on Earth in Egypt and performed their deeds that were later described in myths. which is absolute nonsense, as they clearly haven't . Edfu was a settlement and cemetery site from around 3000 BC onward. After that, the image was returned to the Sanctuary via a separate descending stairway. As a result, the temple was forgotten, and was only rediscovered during the 19 th century. The first volume of translated texts (Edfou VIII) comprises 40 pages of corrected hieroglyphs, the second volume (Edfou VII) 48 pages. Height of the faade: 36 m. Start date: 237 BC J.-C. 14 * Construction of the new temple of Hathor at . This cooperation was promoted by the Gttingen Academy of Sciences. The rest of the text was certainly composed in demotic. The Temple of Edfu is an Egyptian temple located on the west bank of the Nile in Edfu, Upper Egypt.The city was known in the Hellenistic period in Koin Greek: and in Latin as Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus, who was identified as Apollo under the interpretatio graeca. In addition, the quality of these translations was not consistent. Print length. Abteilung I bersetzungen; Band 3. The Edfu-Project is being undertaken with the primary goal of translations of inscriptions of an ancient temple of Edfu.[1]. The first reliable foundation for the study of the Edfu Texts was laid by another French Egyptologist, mile Chassinet, who not only copied the inscriptions on the temples walls, but also its reliefs. Edfou VII, Harrassowitz Wiesbaden 2004, D. Kurth unter Mitarbeit von A. Behrmann, A. In the passage separating the temple from the enclosure wall, engravings tell the great myths: that of the genesis of the temple, the Horus myth, the rite of net hunting, and the feast on the first day of the month called Tybi. This doesnt necessarily imply these are merely mythical occurrences. Another pair of falcon statues can be found at the end of the peristyle hall. This latter name was a reference to the citys chief god, Horus, whom the Greeks identified with their own god Apollo. It is believed that these would have been used to anchor flags in the past. Edfu Texts or Inscriptions: Copied, Studied and Translated Despite the end of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Temple of Edfu continued to flourish during the Roman period. They were also the ones who began work on the Great Primeval Mound, planning out and erecting the mythical temple of the First Time. 3. Credit:Adobe Stock -Catmando, The Seven Sages originally came from an island, known as the Homeland of the Primeval Ones, that was destroyed in a sudden flood. Therefore, in 1986, Dieter Kurth, a professor of Egyptology at the University of Hamburg initiated the Edfu Project. The ancient Egyptians, for instance, knew the city as Behdet, while the Greeks and Romans called it Apollonopolis. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2016. This shrine would have contained a gold statue of Horus. (Walwyn / Flickr). . The Sanctuary is surrounded by a number of chapels and chambers dedicated to other gods, including Osiris, Ra, and Hathor. Over the centuries, the temple became buried to a depth of 12 metres (39ft) beneath drifting desert sand and layers of river silt deposited by the Nile. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. A Visual Tour (Video). Like many other ancient gods, and semi-gods, the seven Rishis had extremely long lifespans, and they were present on Earth present through the four great ages. 6. Edfu Temple. Each of the three sides of the courtyard is surrounded by 32 columns. . [8] A sophisticated lighting system was added in late 2006 to allow night visits. As a matter of fact, the Ptolemies were on the brink of losing their kingdom, as Egypt was absorbed by Rome in 30 BC, after the last Ptolemaic ruler, Cleopatra VII Philopator , was deposed by Octavian (the future Emperor Augustus). After that, the image was returned to the Sanctuary via a separate descending stairway. By the end of the 4 th century AD, however, the temple was abandoned, following the banning of paganism throughout the Roman Empire by the Emperor Theodosius . Eve A. E. Reymond, Ph.D., of Manchester University EdfuTexts for many years and published her thesisinatometitledTheMythicalOriginoftheEgyptianTemple. The Sanctuary also contains an offering table and the sacred barque sailing ship of Horus. The temple of Edfu fell into disuse as a religious monument following Theodosius I's persecution of pagans and edict banning non-Christian worship within the Roman Empire in 391. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. NOTE: THIS BOOK IS NOT A TRANSLATION OF THE HIEROGLYPHIC TEXTS. Homo Naledi: A Mysterious Extinct Human Species (Video), The Incredible Odyssey of Mankind: Ape to Human in a Million Years (Video), Evidence that Noahs Ark Landed on a Mountain 17 Miles South of Ararat, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, Unleashing the Fury of the Khopesh: A Look at Egypts Deadliest Weapon (Video), The Macuahuitl: An Aztec Warriors Lethal and Sacred Weapon (Video), Jewelry to Die For: 14th-Century Bulgarian Ring with a Killer Dose, What Did Ancient Egypt Really Look Like? Although the Ptolemaic dynasty was nearing its end, the Temple of Edfu, when it was completed, was a remarkable monument. Apart from that, the Edfu Texts also contain religious ideas that were transmitted form earlier ages. and our Despite the end of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Temple of Edfu continued to flourish during the Roman period. In addition, the quality of these translations was not consistent. It is reported that that until the 1970s, only between 10% and 15% of the texts had been translated. Over the centuries, desert sand and silt from the Nile covered the temple, eventually burying it entirely. Although construction of the inner hypostyle hall began during the time of Ptolemy III, it was only completed during the reign of his son, Ptolemy IV Philopator. The Edfu Texts contain valuable knowledge about ancient Egypt's religion, politics, and history, as well as secrets of Predynastic Egypt and Zep Tepi. Earth Earth-God Edfu Edfu records Edfu texts Egyptian emerged enclosure episode erected evidence existence fact Falcon field follow foundation founded further give gods ground Horus idea important indicate interpretation island known land later Mansion meaning mentioned mound myth . at the start i am a bit disappointed, for they credit the work to the ptolemy dynasty, dedicated to 'floras'. 2.3 The Central Hall of the Temple of Edfu 22 2.3.1 Dating 22 2.3.2 Location 22 2.3.3 Measurements 25 2.3.4 . Graphic writing of fractions 60 and 80 only used in the donations suggests that the intermediate manuscript was written in the hieratic script. Abteilung I bersetzung; Band 2. It is reported that that until the 1970s, only between 10% and 15% of the texts had been translated. To save content items to your account, The term 'Plain of Reeds' would have been instantly familiar to ancient Egyptians, for when death came, they hoped to live eternally in the paradise of their ancestors known as the Field of Reeds 35.This article of faith can be seen inscribed on the walls of the Temple of Edfu, a Ptolemaic . Temple of Edfu " Temple of Horus " in Aswan Egypt. Osiris ruled as pharaoh of Egypt with his sister-wife Isis, bringing peace and prosperity to the land. Although, between Enoch 1 Book of Watchers and Enoch 3 Book of Giant's some 30 names are given about those bad angels; an only 10 names of their children are shared in Enoch 3 Book of Giant's. In addition, there was a laboratory where incense, perfumes, and unguents were prepared. Closeup of the left side of Temple of Edfu pylon and its elaborate inscriptions (Walwyn / Flickr). Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Expressions . who raised the seed for gods and men . Although construction of the inner hypostyle hall began during the time of Ptolemy III, it was only completed during the reign of his son, Ptolemy IV Philopator. . To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] Only P. Wilbour allows comparison. The world-famous Temple of Edfu pylon or monumental gateway. Reymonds research and conclusions are interesting and worthy of further discussion. Known today as Idfu, the ancient city of Edfu located in Upper Egypt, located sixty miles south of Luxor owes its importance to the Temple of Horus. A large Viking burial mound found on the island of Karmy off Norways western coast was long thought to be empty. Edfou vi die inschriften des tempels von edfu die inschriften des tempels von edfu abteilung ii dokumentationen in kurth dieter behrmann almuth block. Local inhabitants built homes directly over the former temple grounds. Along with the Temple of Dendera , the Temple of Esna, and the Temple of Kom Ombo , the Temple of Edfu has been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage site. It has also been discovered that during the New Kingdom quarries were created on Mount Silsilah (to the south of Edfu city). In addition, the quality of these translations was not consistent. Although Edfu is most famous for its Ptolemaic temple , the citys history stretches much further back in time. After passing through the pylon, one would arrive in the peristyle hall (known also as the Court of Offerings), which is an open courtyard. The Horus temple text have been published in their entirety, and the construction and descriptions of different sections of that temple were recorded in the dedication texts. 1. "This is the oldest and most authentic guide to an ancient Egyptian temple ever written - its author was an ancient Egyptian priest who lived in the first century B.C., under the last kings of the Ptolemaic dynasty, when the construction and decoration of the huge temple of Edfu was completed. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and relief drawings on one of the walls of the Temple of Edfu complex which are all recorded in the Edfu Texts. It took from 237 to 57 BCE to build and decorate the Horus temple the largest temples still standing in Egypt. 1, Inside the Temple of Edfu. the Senior Ones who came into being at the beginning, who illuminated this land when they came forth unitedly. 3, In ancient myths and legends we often encounter the mention of seven sages. 'Starwalkers' and the Dimension of the Blessed publication by William Henry explores a timeless truth that mystic traditions point to: our Earthly lives are . It is thought that it originally referred to any substance used to clean and perfume the air, only later . Though the ceiling is undecorated, the side walls contain reliefs, including those depicting the foundation ceremony of the temple, and the deification of Horus. This temple was smaller than the current structure, and longer exists. b. As the title indicates it details the mythological origin of the first "temple" that appeared on earth according to the oldest Egyptian records. This shrine would have contained a gold statue of Horus. According to the Edfu texts, the words of the Seven Sages were recorded by the god Thoththe Egyptian principle of writing and wisdomin a book entitled Specifications of the Mounds of the Early Primordial Age. The one on the right was the temple library, where ritual texts were stored, while the one on the left was the hall of consecrations (known also as the robing room), where freshly laundered ritual robes and ritual vases were kept. 8.5 x 0.25 x 11 . The . The Temple of Edfu , dedicated to the god Horus, is the second largest temple in Egypt. Privacy Policy. Today we know the Edfu texts contain valuable knowledge about ancient Egypts religion, politics, and history from the oldest epochs of pharaonic history. The Ptolemies were not only facing internal problems, but external ones as well. The magnificent columns of the Temple of Edfu. - pdf-file (20.9 MB) URL * S. Birch (ed. Apart from its size and state of preservation, the Temple of Edfu is also notable for its large number of inscriptions, collectively known as the Edfu Texts, which seem to cover every available surface. These include mastaba tombs from the Old Kingdom , and burials dating to the Middle Kingdom . The volume offers translations, transcriptions and philological commentaries of the texts written on the inner face of the enclosure wall of the temple of Edfu. 22 September 2009. The ancient civilization of Greece is a historical period that has long been a subject of fascination and intrigue. Hostname: page-component-75b8448494-48m8m Language. During his reign, which lasted from 246 to 222/1 BC, Ptolemy managed to reunite Egypt and Cyrenaica, and triumphed over the Seleucids during the Third Syrian War. Any interest in digging down for a logical explanation ofthe odd ancient Egyptian headgear? The outer hypostyle hall was built during the reign of Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator, and two small chambers are found at its entrance. The anonymous priest's tasks was to compose a text long enough to make up a line of hieroglyphic . During the Egyptian New Year Festival, the image of Horus would be carried to the temples rooftop via an ascending stairway attached to the hall. . The temple gateway is also adorned with reliefs of Horus, who watches the pharaoh as he punishes his enemies. A translation of the inscriptions of the pylon (gate) including transcriptions and a commentary was published in 1998 (Edfou VIII). Along with the Temple of Dendera , the Temple of Esna, and the Temple of Kom Ombo , the Temple of Edfu has been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage site. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. Note ar. 13 * History of the temple of Horus at Edfu (c. 90 B.C.) Pharaonic era: The Ptolemaic period. The first stone of the temple was laid on 23 August 237 BC, according to the text this was done by Ptolemy III himself. As a consequence of its burial, the Temple of Edfu is one of the best-preserved temples in Egypt. Another impressive feature of the Temple of Edfu is its inscriptions, which cover the walls of the monument. This is a great article about the temple to Horus during the Ptolemy Dynasty; the only thing left for me too do is try and match Horus with which of the 200 Fallen Angel's may in fact be his father in Enoch. https://adw-goe.de/en/research/completed-research-projects/akademienprog https://www.lonelyplanet.com/egypt/edfu/attractions/temple-of-horus/a/po https://egyptianmuseum.org/explore/greco-and-roman-period-monuments-edfu https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-III-Euergetes, https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1824/, https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/edfu-temple.html, The Cult of Horus: Myths That Stretch From Egypt To Rome, Finding the Lost Mother of Cleopatra VII - Cleopatra V Tryphaena of Egypt.

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