high estrogen and iron deficiency

Brand: Slow Fe. Ask your doctor how many milligrams of iron you should be taking per day. ISSN 2044-4052 (online), The relationship between iron metabolism, stress hormones, and insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-020-0122-9, Stress adaptation is associated with insulin resistance in women with gestational diabetes mellitus, The association of maternal fat-soluble antioxidants in early pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study, The association of elevated serum ferritin concentration in early pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective observational study, CTRP-1 levels are related to insulin resistance in pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus, The effect of central obesity on inflammation, hepcidin, and iron metabolism in young women, Association between iron status and incident coronary artery disease: a population based-cohort study, Iron, glucose and fat metabolism and obesity: an intertwined relationship, Metabolic syndrome markers and risk of hyperglycemia in pregnancy: a cross-sectional cohort study, Association between thyroid hormones and insulin resistance indices based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, A nutrient pattern characterized by vitamin A, C, B6, potassium, and fructose is associated with reduced risk of insulinrelated disorders: A prospective study among participants of Tehran lipid and glucose study, Effects of Low-Dose L-Thyroxine on Stress Resistance in Animals with Experimental Deficit of Sympathetic Neural Influences, Role of ferritin and oxidative stress index in gestational diabetes mellitus, Cancel Relevance to the iron hypothesis. Most studies believe that iron overload can lead to oxidative stress damage in the body, thus increasing the risk of diabetes16,17. (3). While recent articles generally require a subscriber login, patients interested in viewing an access-controlled article inBloodmay obtain a copy by e-mailing a request to theBloodPublishing Office. 4.7 out of 5 stars 8,891 ratings | 78 answered questions . Iron is an essential mineral needed to make red blood cells, and low amounts can lead to anemia, causing headaches, pale skin, fatigue, and other symptoms. In an individual who is anemic from iron deficiency, these tests usually show the following results: The peripheral smear or blood slide may show small, oval-shaped cells with pale centers. There was no significant difference in maternal age and gestational age at screening (P>0.05) (Table 1). Dis. WebAMAG Pharmaceuticals' Feraheme* (ferumoxytol injection), is approved to treat IDA in adult patients who have an intolerance to oral iron or have had an unsatisfactory response to oral iron, or who have chronic kidney disease.2 The overall global IV iron market is over a one billion dollar market and continues to grow.3 "As the first generic high dose IV iron WebHigh iron levels in women of post-reproductive age may be related to their increased risk of chronic disease as they become older, but the causes of this rise in iron in late life is An ADH deficiency can cause a disorder called diabetes insipidus, which can cause: Prolactin is the hormone that tells the body when to start making breast milk. eCollection 2014. Bookshelf To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The .gov means its official. Bookshelf You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Stress- adaptive disorder may be one of the important factors leading to the occurrence and development of gestational diabetes mellitus, and the change in iron metabolism may play an important role in its occurrence and development. On the other hand, iron is mainly deposited in the liver, and liver is an important organ of glucose metabolism; hepatic iron loading will increase the burden of liver and makes the liver work harder, thus inducing glucose dysregulation18. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Premenopausal nonpregnant women are often deficient in iron, and postmenopausal women have higher levels of iron (3) and a much lower recommended daily allowance of iron intake (1). Backe, M. B. et al. These tests may include the following: Sometimes it is difficult to diagnose the cause of iron deficiency, or your doctor may be concerned that there is a problem other than iron deficiency causing the anemia. Yan, B. et al. National Library of Medicine A list of Web links to patient groups and other organizations that provide information. We found that Tf levels are elevated by iron deficiency and estrogen administration, suggesting an association between Tf-upregulation, iron deficiency Estrogen reduced hepatic hepcidin level, leading to elevated iron absorption and egress through the hepcidinferroportin axis; whereas hepcidin concentration would Once your provider identifies whats causing your estrogen to be high, they can recommend treatments that make your symptoms more manageable. Disclosure Summary: The author has nothing to disclose. It plays an essential role in other body systems, too. volume10, Articlenumber:17 (2020) 9, 13541359 (2018). 3. Specifically, they observed that estrogen can decrease the expression of hepcidin mRNA by an estrogen response element half-site upstream in the hepcidin promoter (3). SPSS 19.0 statistical analysis software was used to analyze our data, which were represented by meanstandard error of the mean. FOIA Theoretically, this decrease in hepcidin can increase iron levels in the plasma, but this effect is denoted with a question mark, because a corresponding change in serum iron levels was not observed at 24 h after E2 injection. The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus are located within the brain and control hormone production. Estrogen deficiency has been regarded as the main causative factor in menopausal symptoms and diseases. This hormone controls the thyroid gland. Consistently high or low levels of estrogen may signal a condition that requires your providers attention. When the secreted insulin cannot fully compensate for the insulin resistance, the blood glucose will rise, resulting in GDM3. developing sometimes during pregnancy or in those on estrogen therapy and regressing with hormone withdrawal. WebA low RBC count may indicate anemia, which could be caused by various factors such as iron deficiency or chronic diseases. High iron levels in women of post-reproductive age may be related to their increased risk of chronic disease as they become older, but the causes of this rise in iron in late life is unclear. Accessibility & Hemminki, E. Supplemental iron intake and the risk of glucose intolerance in pregnancy: re-analysis of a randomised controlled trial in Finland. New York, N.Y.: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2018. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. WebPeople with IBD may have both iron-deficiency anemia due to blood loss and anemia of inflammation. Along with the hormone progesterone, estrogen prepares your body for pregnancy. Iron status and reproduction in US women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2006. Correspondence to 2017 Dec 28;9(4):5344-5367. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.23747. The iron is then released into the blood stream, where a protein called transferrin attaches to it and delivers the iron to the liver. This treatment involves taking testosterone to develop secondary sex characteristics like more muscle mass and facial and body hair. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Hb was detected by Sysmex automatic blood cell analyzer, serum iron (Fe) by ELISA, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin (SF) by immunoturbidimetry, and transferrin saturation (TS)=Fe/TIBC100%. TS is positively related to E and cortisol in two groups (P<0.05); the same trend occurred in TS and NE in both groups, but there is no significant difference (P>0.05) (Table 4). Your body needs estrogen for your reproductive, cardiovascular and bone health. Increased ferritin level during pregnancy was related to the lower stress state in pregnancy21,22. More clinical trials and in vitro studies are needed to analyze the role of iron in insulin signaling. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29800559/). Prognostic features of menopausal and postmenopausal applicants for life insurance. Diabetes 10, 17 (2020). Compared with Control group, Hb did not differ between two groups (P>0.05); HOMA-IR is higher in GDM group (P<0.01); Fe, SF, and TS are higher in GDM group than in Control group (P<0.05) (Table 3). Discuss your medical history with your provider to identify opportunities to balance your hormones. Its rare for your levels to be high because of the estrogen youre producing. Before Iran. The ever-changing highs Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first occurrence during pregnancy1. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between iron index and stress hormones. WebSymptoms of iron-deficiency anemia are related to decreased oxygen delivery to the entire body and may include: Being pale or having yellow "sallow" skin. During pregnancy, affected by placental function, the levels of various steroids, such as prolactin, placental lactogen, estrogen, progesterone, and glucocorticoid, began to rise rapidly at 2428 weeks of gestation, and reached a peak at 3234 weeks of gestation, and insulin sensitivity decreased, thus producing significant insulin resistance. The .gov means its official. Thank you for visiting nature.com. In the plasma, iron is bound to the transferrin (Tf) iron carrier. Estrogen deficiency has been regarded as the main causative factor in menopausal symptoms and diseases. Here, we show that although estrogen decreases by 90%, a concurrent but inverse change occurs in iron levels during menopausal transition. IV iron comes in different preparations: Large doses of iron can be given at one time when using iron dextran. Here, we show that although estrogen decreases by 90%, a concurrent but inverse change occurs in iron levels during menopausal transition. A greater understanding of the interactions between estrogens and iron may help guide clinical management of the factors to decrease the risk of age-related Serum ferritin and glucose homeostasis in women with recent gestational diabetes. By talking with your doctor about your diet and medical history, your doctor may gain enough information to determine whether additional testing is needed. There was a positive correlation between HOMA-IR and SF and TS (r=0.34, 0.34). IV iron may be necessary to treat iron deficiency in patients who do not absorb iron well in the gastrointestinal tract, patients with severe iron deficiency or chronic blood loss, patients who are receiving supplemental erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates blood production, or patients who cannot tolerate oral iron. Other diseases, such as anemia and infection, may affect serum iron and ferritin that are excluded. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Regulation of estrogen/progestogen receptors in the endometrium. Blood glucose, insulin, stress hormones such as cortisol, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (E), and iron metabolism index such as serum iron, serum ferritin (SF), and transferrin saturation (TS) were measured. You may need medicine if you have cancer spreading in response to estrogen exposure. Women using oral contraceptives have higher levels of iron (6, 7), and this effect may be due in part to the mechanism described by Yang et al. Regen. If this is the case, masculinizing hormone therapy may be an option for you. 2020 Aug 27;12(9):2601. doi: 10.3390/nu12092601. In women, the deficiency decreases egg and estrogen production from the ovaries. Our previous study found that stress-adaptive disorder plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes4. government site. When the cause of the anemia is not clear, your doctor may refer you to a hematologist, a medical specialist in blood disorders,for consultation and further evaluation. Iron homeostasis is maintained by altering the absorption of iron from the gut and the release of iron from storage in hepatocytes and macrophages. In humans, the relationship between exogenous estrogen treatment and iron homeostasis is not clear. 133 Others have not found the same correlation between gRLS and iron deficiency. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 02/09/2022. It remains to be seen whether the effect of estradiol on hepcidin expression is robust enough to substantially alter iron homeostasis in vivo. Inclusion and exclusion criteria: pregnant women are the first singleton pregnancy, excluding organ diseases such as heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, thyroid disease, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, etc., without family history of diabetes, prepregnancy diabetes, hypertension, polycystic ovarian syndrome and other diseases, and FPG in early pregnancy is <5.6mmol/L, no hormone or other effects on glycosylation in pregnancy. However, the specific factors involved in the pathophysiological process of GDM and the principle of molecular mechanism are not clear at present. Let's talk about high estrogen symptoms, low estrogen symptoms and some of the causes for both. The importance of estrogens and iron to physiology and disease has been known for decades, and their levels are intentionally manipulated throughout human life whether by doctor's prescriptions or over-the-counter natural supplements. The relationship between iron and thyroid function is a bit of a catch-22. The amount of iron prescribed by your doctor will be in milligrams (mg) of elemental iron. Estrogen. Low-dose vaginal products. For infants born at term who exhibit signs indicative of iron deficiency, hematocrit and hemoglobin tests could offer valuable insights into possible causes behind the observed symptoms. Risberg, A., Sjoquist, M., Wedenberg, K. & Larsson, A. Elevated glucose levels in early puerperium, and association with high cortisol levels during parturition. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology (2021), Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders (2021), Nutrition & Diabetes (Nutr. On the other hand, a high RBC count might signal dehydration or other medical conditions that require further investigation. Hypopituitarism is when you have a short supply (deficiency) of one or more of the pituitary hormones. At the same time, 1:1 matching was carried out according to the age. Many of these mimic the symptoms of menopause. All markers were detected according to the instruction of the kits (Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). Elevated ferritin is often used as a marker of iron overload, and oxidative stress induced by iron overload can directly damage islet cells, thus affecting islet function and leading to hyperglycemia23,24. Shur, J. et al. Cite this article. Biometals 31, 715735 (2018). Hypopituitarism. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies AskMayoExpert. Brain iron metabolism and its perturbation in neurological diseases. This article discusses iron deficiency. Radiol. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-disorders/generalized-hypopituitarism. The comparison of the mean between two groups was conducted by two independent samples T test, and the data of non-normal distribution were compared after logarithmic transformation. For example, levels of serum ferritin are increased by two- to threefold from before menopause to after menopause. Iron and fecundity among Tsimane' women of Bolivia. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles This sometimes occurs in people who engage in vigorous exercise, particularly jogging. WebIron deficiency is likely to increase HIF-1 stabilisation and angiogenesis by two different mechanisms: by lowering concentrations of HIF-degrading prolyl-4-hydroxylase because iron is a cofactor of this enzyme and by decreasing oxygen tension (increased hypoxia) in the body as a result of the presence of fewer red blood cells because of The change in stress hormones can also affect the iron transport process; serum iron is positively related to insulin and blood glucose, suggesting that iron overload may be a risk factor for increased risk of diabetes5,6. However, all measurements were taken only 24 h after estradiol injection (3). J. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. April 19, 2019. Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation and COVID-19 information, Notice of Intelligent Business Solutions data eventLearn more. Iron chelation and neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. Progesterone and estrogen signaling in the endometrium: what goes wrong in endometriosis?. Current review concluded that supplementation with vitamin D had no significant effect on hemoglobin and ferritin levels while positive effects on transferrin saturation and iron status were observed. GDM women have a higher level of oxidative stress injury, and the increase in iron storage may be one of the important reasons for the increase in oxidative stress injury, and ferritin was used as a marker to assess iron stores and it is also an acute-phase reactant; our study also found that ferritin was increased slightly and related to insulin resistance. Glucose dysregulation in patients with iron overload: is there a relationship with quantitative pancreas and liver iron and fat content measured by MRI? In some cases, if the cause cannot be identified or corrected, the patient may have to receive supplemental iron on an ongoing basis. Further studies on iron and menopause are clinically relevant and may provide novel therapeutic treatments. Disclaimer. (3) provides preclinical evidence for a clear and compelling mechanism, by which estrogens may directly impact iron homeostasis through hepcidin. To obtain When estrogen is too high or too low you may get menstrual cycle changes, dry skin, hot flashes, trouble sleeping, night sweats, vaginal thinning and dryness, low From January to November 2019, 75 patients with GDM were selected as GDM group, according to age of 1:1; 75 normal pregnant women were selected as Control group. The levels of hepcidin are regulated in a homeostatic manner so that high iron levels raise hepcidin to decrease iron absorption and lower the rate of release from storage cells (4, 5). This causes abnormal exhaustion, lethargy, and weakness. Estrogen levels that are too high or cause a hormone imbalance can cause problems. Annu Rev. WebTraditionally made doenjang (TMD) produced by the long-term fermentation of soybeans with salt may improve symptoms of estrogen deficiency. Estrogen regulation of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function: therapeutic implications for prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) improves iron absorption, and some doctors recommend that you take 250 mg of vitamin C with iron tablets. WebIron deficiency is a common nutritional problem among infants, and early detection is crucial to preventing long-term complications. Abnormal uterine bleeding on hormone replacement: the importance of intrauterine structural abnormalities. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ru Q, Li Y, Xie W, Ding Y, Chen L, Xu G, Wu Y, Wang F. Bone Res. A brief schematic of the role of hepcidin in iron homeostasis is shown in Fig. Improved iron status parameters may be a benefit of hormone replacement therapy. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Seventy-five cases of GDM were diagnosed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). 4.7 out of 5 stars 8,891 ratings | 78 answered questions . Unopposed estrogen is called estrogen dominance in some medical literature. Rev. Your doctor will decide if other tests are necessary. Yangyang Chen. 189, 194200 (2019). Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between iron index and HOMA-IR; after BMI correction, the results showed that SF is positively related to HOMA-IR in two groups (P<0.05); the same trend occurred in TS and HOMA-IR (P<0.05) (Table 4). Its more likely that your estrogen levels are high because of medications youre taking. Nat. Therefore, it is possible that an effect would have been observed with chronic estradiol treatment. Yu L, Li X, He M, Wang Q, Chen C, Li F, Li B, Li L. Antioxidants (Basel). Your provider can help you address a hormone imbalance based on whats causing it. WebAMAG Pharmaceuticals' Feraheme* (ferumoxytol injection), is approved to treat IDA in adult patients who have an intolerance to oral iron or have had an unsatisfactory response to oral iron, or who have chronic kidney disease.2 The overall global IV iron market is over a one billion dollar market and continues to grow.3 "As the first generic high dose IV iron Our results only suggest that oxidative stress injury and stress-adaptive disorder related to iron overload may play an important role in the occurrence of GDM. Are menstruating women protected from heart disease because of, or in spite of, estrogen? We also discuss the effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators on metabolic disorders. See this image and copyright information in PMC. In many cases, hypopituitarism is caused by a tumor of the pituitary gland. Increases in estrogen spur your sexual development during puberty. Keller-Wood, M. et al. Symptoms of ACTH deficiency include: This hormone, which is also called vasopressin, helps your body balance its fluid levels. Can. The study protocol was approved by Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Ethics Committee, approval number is YYY201916, and all pregnant women included in this study were informed of the purpose of the study and signed informed consent. 1996 Jan-Feb;41(1):11-5. Estrogen is an important hormone that regulates your reproductive system. In children and adolescents, delayed puberty is usually the only symptom. Specifically, the authors describe a functional estrogen response element (ERE) half-site in the human hepcidin promoter, and they observe that 24 h after estradiol treatment, hepcidin mRNA are decreased both in vitro in human liver cells and in vivo in mice. Last updated 2023-04-30. low blood pressure and iron deficiency Normal Blood Pressure For Women, Good Blood Pressure bevacizumab induced hypertension Lower Blood Pressure Naturally.. Selfishness left the only remaining ones are all tied to liu hua he can allow the royal family to treat him as a stumbling block and allow some In many cases, iron-deficiency anemia develops because of a lack of iron in your diet, but it can also be related to blood loss. J. Diabetes Investig. We demonstrated Schmann K , Ettle T , Szegner B , Elsenhans B , Solomons NW, Yang Q , Jian J , Katz S , Abramson SB , Huang X, Akinloye O , Adebayo TO , Oguntibeju OO , Oparinde DP , Ogunyemi EO, Haouari M , Haouari-Oukerro F , Alguemi C , Nagati K , Zouaghi H , Kamoun A, Ryan J , Scali J , Carriere I , Ritchie K , Ancelin ML, Maurer J , Harris MM , Stanford VA , Lohman TG , Cussler E , Going SB , Houtkooper LB, Cho GJ , Shin JH , Yi KW , Park HT , Kim T , Hur JY , Kim SH, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Iron is very important in maintaining many body functions, including the production of hemoglobin, the molecule in your blood that carries oxygen. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and serum ferritin were positively correlated (r=0.21, 0.17, and 0.21); epinephrine, cortisol, and transferrin were positively correlated (r=0.12, 0.31). Compared with Control group, the BMI of GDM group before pregnancy was 24.82.9kg/m2, which was higher than that of Control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The food you eat can impact the way your body produces hormones or even contain hormones. PubMed Accessibility Accessed April 4, 2019. government site. The article by Yang et al. Iron overload is hypothesized to contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease (10) and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (11). They are sometimes subtle and may be overlooked for months or even years. Hypopituitarism. PLoS One. The recent study by Yang et al. The necessary evil for human health, and ways to tame it. eCollection 2018 Jan 12. Ferritin is a storage form of iron and an indicator of inflammation. TNF-alpha is a predictor of insulin resistance in human pregnancy. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event. 1995 Sep;86(3):330-4. doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00172-N. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. In addition to elemental iron, the iron salt content (ferrous sulfate, fumarate, or gluconate) may also be listed on the package, which can make it confusing for consumers to know how many tablets or how much liquid to take to get the proper dosage of iron. High levels of vitamin D, in conjunction with estrogen, could help protect the metabolic health of postmenopausal women. The normal blood glucose pregnant women were selected as Control group. 8600 Rockville Pike WebIron overload can occur in people of any age, any ethnicity, or gender; iron overload is a condition of excess (too much) iron in the body. 2023 Feb 26;12(3):583. doi: 10.3390/antiox12030583. McIntyre, H. D. et al. The results are consistent with those of previous studies13,14. Iron from these old cells can also be recycled by the body. Decrease hormone synthesis blockers: unsaturated fats (PUFA), excess estrogen (hormone replacement, birth control, or liver malnutrition to adequately detoxify used estrogen), ultraviolet light, x-rays, and excess iron (from fortified foods, vitamins, or muscle meat heavy diet ). People assigned male at birth (AMAB) need some estrogen for their sexual and reproductive health. If copper levels are too low, iron remains stored in tissues. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Effects of contraceptives on serum trace elements, calcium and phosphorus levels. He, Z. et al. J. Diabetes Investig. Not necessarily. Too much estrogen, though, can cause irregular periods and may worsen conditions that affect your reproductive health. The The Association between Dietary Iron Intake and Incidence of Dementia in Adults Aged 60 Years or over in the UK Biobank. US Preventive Services Task Force; Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, Epling JW Jr, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Phipps MG, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW. Oncotarget. The progress of GDM will affect the quality of life of the mother and fetus, but the pathogenesis is not clear8. A greater understanding of the interactions between estrogens and iron may help guide clinical management of the factors to decrease the risk of age-related disease. A variety of factors can contribute to high estrogen, including: Medications: Hormone therapy to boost low estrogen levels may cause your levels to become too high at first. It may take some time to get the dosage right. (high-dose oral contraceptives/birth control pills) Body fat: Fat tissue ( adipose tissue) secretes estrogen. Careers. Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Financial Assistance Documents Minnesota, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition, An inability to produce milk for breast-feeding, Sensitivity to cold or difficulty staying warm, Low blood pressure, which may lead to fainting, Lack of blood flow to the brain or pituitary gland (stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhage) into the brain or pituitary gland, Certain medications, such as narcotics, high-dose corticosteroids or certain cancer drugs called checkpoint inhibitors, Inflammation of the pituitary gland caused by an abnormal immune system response (hypophysitis), Infections of the brain, such as meningitis, or infections that can spread to the brain, such as tuberculosis or syphilis, Infiltrative diseases, which affect multiple parts of the body, including sarcoidosis, an inflammatory disease occurring in various organs; Langerhans cell histiocytosis, in which abnormal cells cause scarring in numerous parts of the body; and hemochromatosis, which causes excess iron deposits in the liver and other tissues, Severe loss of blood during childbirth, which may cause damage to the front part of the pituitary gland (Sheehan's syndrome or postpartum pituitary necrosis).

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