usda plant hardiness zones are used to identify the adaptation

Rehder, A. In that comparison, most of the conterminous United States was one half zone warmer in the period 19912005 than in 197690. Publ. Hort. 3) and an assumption of normally distributed temperature values over time. The ability of a plant to survive low temperatures depends on its genetically and environmentally controlled adaptations and its acclimation status. & Sherk, L.C. USDA Zones 4b through 10b are represented in Arizona. Amer. 2010. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2012 USDA plant hardiness zone map. Notably, there are highly significant positive correlations between AHS heat zones (Table 3) and plant hardiness zones in the central and southeastern United States (Fig. Plant Sci. 1:16,360,000.) Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States. . USDA Zones 7b through 9a are represented in Mississippi. They are one of the most popular types of perennials, and their popularity is growing every year. Rehder (1927) developed the first such map for the United States, with a mapped zonation system that related winter minimum temperatures to the survival of specific woody plants. The map is produced by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and is available on their website. Plants are typically labeled "hardy to zone X", allowing gardeners to quickly and easily identify which plants are capable of growing in their area. Plant Sci. 6C). Fenn. 3) And finally, during the late winter and early spring, plants may deharden when exposed to temperatures above freezing, having satisfied physiological rest requirements (Litzow and Pellett, 1980), and can then suffer damage from subsequent low-temperature events. PRISM accounts for the effects of elevation, terrain-induced air-mass blockage, coastal proximity, temperature inversions, and cold-air pooling on extreme minimum-temperature patterns (Daly et al., 2008). 1980 Responses of plants to environmental stresses. 2008 Physiographically-sensitive mapping of temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States Intl. However, further insights can be gained by shifting emphasis away from individual weather events (or even seasons) to longer time frames that document multiple, extreme events on a climatic scale. According to the new PHZM, low winter temperatures here would be expected to be less limiting than in many of Washington's established wine-grape-growing regions. True/False: Tall fescue adaptation is restricted to the humid zone. of Connecticut, Storrs. In: N. Rose (ed.). If they're not labeled, a quick Google search is always helpful. Recently released products of these efforts are described in detail below. 2. 1018, was supported by USDA-ARS Research Project 3625-21000-053, Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds, and a Specific Cooperative Agreement between the USDA Agricultural Research Service and Oregon State University. . Ranking tables for population of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, Combined Statistical Areas, New England City and Town Areas, and Combined New England City and Town Areas: 1990 and 2000. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2010 Nursery software. South Dakota vegetation terms on maps. 57 194 200. In: L.V. 8 Feb. 2010. 2000 Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America: Introduction and conifers. (2008) for a detailed discussion of the Spring 2007 freeze in the eastern and central United States], but such weather events are not repeatable and do not lend themselves to experimentation and hypothesis testing. Eine neue Kartierung der Winterhrtezonen fr Gehlze in Europa, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1997b Chinese forestry: Relationships worth cultivating, p. 38-47. Sunset Publ., Menlo Park, CA. Astilbes are a group of flowering plants that are native to Asia and North America. Because this decreases the frequency of zone-6a temperatures to 1 year in 6 to 8 years (Table 4), these sites can be considered less risky for grape production. & Tth, M. 2010 Hardening and dehardening of peach flower buds HortScience 45 761 765. In: N. Rose (ed.). Larcher, W. 2005 Climatic constraints drive the evolution of low temperature resistance in woody plants J. Agr. USDA Misc. They do not reflect the coldest it has ever been or ever will be at a specific location, but simply the average lowest winter temperature for the location over a specified time. 1997 The wine project. 126 12 16, Willmott, C.J. Plant List of Attributes, Names, Taxonomy, and Symbols. Look for the color-coded legend of zones, and match up the correct color and zone to where you live. (2002), McNamara and Pellett (1993), Mills et al. Southern Book Publishers, Halfway House, South Africa. Kincer, J.B. 1928 Atlas of American agriculture. USDA Zones 5b through 7a are represented in Connecticut. 2001 UConn plant database. Climate: The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Hardiness Zone Map divides the US into zones based on average minimum winter temperatures. 814. Here, instead of using elevation as the predictor grid (independent variable in the PRISM local regression function), the CAI method involves using a previously interpolated grid that represents the long-term mean of a related climatological variable as the predictor. 3-Sand. 12145W in central California, where patterns of summer heat vary widely because of maritime influences but winter, low temperatures vary little (P value of regression line < 0.32). Chinese forestry: Relationships worth cultivating, p. 38-47. Not surprisingly, the coldest zones in the United States occur in Alaska (Fig. The PLANTS Database provides standardized information about the vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens of the U.S. and its territories. Southern Book Publishers, Halfway House, South Africa. 7 May 2010. The new mapjointly developed by USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Oregon State University's (OSU) PRISM Climate Groupis available online at planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. USDA Misc. 1948 An approach toward the rational classification of climate Geogr. All hardiness zones, except for 1 and 11, are split into two subregions, namely "A" and "B," which are separated . 51 333 351, Diffenbaugh, N.S., Pal, J.S., Trapp, R.J. & Giorgi, F. 2005 Fine-scale processes regulate the response of extreme events to global climate change Proc. 2B). Clearly, the world's climate is dynamic (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007), and zone boundaries may change in the future, based on modeled relationships between climate change and the occurrence of extreme low-temperature events (Diffenbaugh et al., 2005). & Lindstrom, O.M. The model might locally overestimate survival because the Black Hills have two special climatic characteristics detrimental to woody-plant adaptation, which are unlike the remainder of the north-central United States, where the model was developed (and unlike much of the former nation of Yugoslavia). Levitt, J. 1991 Plant hardiness zones for Australia Austral. The data were carefully quality-controlled for outliers and other inconsistent values (methods are detailed in Daly et al., 2008). Category. USDA Zones 5b through 7a are represented in Kansas. 23 Feb. 2010. Bachtell, K.R. Generally, under the assumption that annual extreme minimum-temperature values are normally distributed over time, it is possible to estimate the frequency of extreme events that are one or more hardiness zones colder or warmer than the mapped zone for a given location, based on standard deviations. USDA Zones 5a through 7b are represented in Massachusetts. Widrlechner, M.P. METRIA Proc. Zones in this edition of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM) are based on 1976-2005 weather data. METRIA Proc. 1962 The geographic charting of plant climatic adaptability, p. 485491. Data from surrounding stations, weighted by their geographic similarity to the grid cell being modeled, populate the regression function. Plant hardiness zone map for the United States. Use of the PH-statistic data layer in conjunction with other climatic data for plant-adaptation analyses. Get daily tips & tricks to help make your best home, 11 Great Landscaping Plants You Should Know About, How to Grow and Care for Wintercreeper Euonymus. In such areas, more than 300 years might transpire between winters that are one full hardiness zone colder than that mapped (Table 4). USDA Zones 3a through 7a are represented in Colorado. Plant Sci. In addition, the TRT agreed to limit the new map's geographic focus to the United States and Puerto Rico since Canada had made significant progress with its alternative mapping scheme (McKenney et al., 2001) and, at the time, the density of Mexican weather stations with long-term data was unclear. Climatic constraints drive the evolution of low temperature resistance in woody plants. Buyukkokten, O., Cho, J., Garcia-Molina, H., Gravano, L. & Shivakumar, N. 1999 Exploiting geographical location information of web pages, p. 9196. display: flex; ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Assn. With winter temperatures rising, a trend expected to continue, plant hardiness zone are shifting. USDA Zones 8a through 11a are represented in Florida. But even within zones 7a and 7b, standard deviations can vary considerably (e.g., Fig. Look for the color-coded legend of zones, and match up the correct color and zone to where you live. 1967 Woody ornamental plant zonation, II: Suitability indices of localities Can. (2002), Schrader and Graves (2003), Szalay et al. & Drapeau, R. 1996 Caractrisation du potentiel de rusticit de sept arbustes ornementaux en fonction de l'intensit des dommages hivernaux Can. This is not a trivial challenge because these weightings will likely vary significantly by region and perhaps also by plant life forms. USDA Zones 4a through 9a are represented in Utah. Natl. Heinze and Schreiber (1984) presented a comprehensive review of this topic, detailing the history and application of long-term climatological data to relate patterns of woody-plant adaptation to low-temperature injury. USDA plant hardiness zone map. Meteorol. Hort. Norton, New York. A zone map for mean annual moisture balance in the north central United States, Insights into woody plant adaptation and practical applications. But one of the best ways to ensure that plants are happy and healthy is to start with plants suited to your USDA hardiness zone. Knowledge of the hardiness characteristics of plants is useful for disciplines such as horticulture, agriculture, and silviculture, in which high levels of plant survival and growth are desirable . & Smith, J.I. 22 Apr. USDA Zones 3b through 7b are represented in New York. Although extensive woody vegetation in the Black Hills helps validate the model's results, we do have some reservations about the model's accuracy in this particular region. Read our. Heat zones map the number of days per year with a maximum temperature of. Geographical Soc., New York. Guidelines for assessing the suitability of spatial climate data sets, A knowledge-based approach to the statistical mapping of climate, Physiographically-sensitive mapping of temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States, A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain, Development of a new USDA plant hardiness zone map for the United States, How cold can you go? (1992) compared the merits of the PH statistic to that of January mean temperatures and the proportion of years with temperatures below 32 C (25.6 F) in multiple-regression analyses designed to explain first-year and overall survival of 27 accessions of woody plants collected in Yugoslavia when grown at 14 sites across the region. USDA Zones 11b through 13b are represented in Puerto Rico. The new map is generally one 5-degree Fahrenheit half-zone warmer than the previous map throughout much of the United States. Phenology and depth of cold acclimation in the three subspecies of. Again, elevation and coastal influence are the dominant factors controlling spatial distribution of zones. In 2007, on the basis of its track record as a leader in climatic map development (e.g., Daly, 2006; Daly et al., 1994, 2008), Oregon State University's PRISM Climate Group was tasked by USDA-ARS with developing the updated PHZM. 6B). CAB International, Wallingford, UK. These considerations suggest that winter survival is much more likely in zones 7a or warmer zones, with cold injury very unlikely in zones 8a and above. USDA Zones 4b through 9a are represented in New Mexico. 23 Feb. 2010. The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is the standard by which gardeners and growers can determine which plants are most likely to thrive at a location. Scheiber, S.M., Robacker, C.D. Macmillan, New York. 10 Feb. 2010. Tanino (eds.). Plant Sci. 31 Aug. 2010. To read each map, click on the picture or header to see the full-size map. & Robeson, S.M. USDA Zones 6b through 8a are represented in Arkansas. } (Map with manual). & Bartlein, P.J. United States Department of Agriculture. 5D) and with standard deviations equivalent to or lower than those of the Yakima Valley to the south and considerably lower than those found in the Walla Walla Valley (Fig. Frequency of years with annual extreme minimum temperatures that are colder or warmer than the mapped plant hardiness zone for a given location, based on standard deviations (see Fig. & Raulston, J.C. 1989 Plant high night temperature tolerance zones describing and predicting summer night temperature patterns and the southern limits of plant adaptation Agr. 1981 Nature of seed sterility and natural regeneration of Tilia cordata near its northern limit in Finland Ann. Univ. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. In: L.V. USDA Zones 4b through 6a are represented in Iowa. Official websites use .gov E-mail: [email protected]. Fibrous root system. Publ. 13. Sunset Publ., Menlo Park, CA. As significant impacts of climate change on natural systems are already evident, it is important to understand how climate change will continue and potentially intensity with time. Although this area was another successful early grape production site (Irvine and Clore, 1997), industry revival following its demise due to prohibition has only begun during the last 5 years. J. However, vineyards are typically not viable in regions where such killing freezes occur more frequently than every 8 to 10 years. The new map also identifies a region in zone 7b around Lewiston in western Idaho, northeast of Walla Walla (Fig. PRISM 19762005 Plant Hardiness Zone Maps: (A) conterminous United States; (B) Alaska; (C) Hawaii; and (D) Puerto Rico. Amer. & Pasteris, P. 2002 A knowledge-based approach to the statistical mapping of climate Clim. Publ. This feature has been developed in two forms, a freely available single-query tool on the website and a large-scale, batch process tool for commercial applications. Hardiness zones in China. J. The map is based on the average annual minimum winter . Figure 1 shows the most current USDA Hardiness Zones for South Carolina. We selected South Dakota as an example to illustrate such a map for two reasons: first, because there were long-term trial sites that reported data from four of its neighboring states, but none in South Dakota. (1992) evaluated the performance of woody plants from Yugoslavia in the north-central United States between 1975 and 1989, which roughly corresponds to the period of record for the 1990 PHZM. USDA Zones 4a through 6b are represented in Michigan. Geographical Soc., New York. 135 649 670, Stephenson, N.L. of Connecticut, Storrs. The page is no longer being updated, and therefore, links on the page may be invalid. Sci. False. 18 255 263, Pigott, C.D. 1:16,360,000.) & Green, T.L. 4 Mar. U.S. Census Bureau 2003 Census 2000 PHC-T-29. 2C and D). and Ottawa Res. Buyukkokten et al. You can then choose plants suggested for . PRISM develops local regression functions (one for each grid cell on a map) between a predictor grid of an explanatory variable (most commonly elevation) and a climatic variable, for every grid cell. Teoreticheskie osnovy i opyt introduktsii drevesnykh rastenii v Ukraine. Their zonation system has been successfully applied in Canadian horticultural research (Richer et al., 2006; Richer-Leclerc et al., 1994, 1996; Rioux et al., 2000, 2004) and formed the basis of an updated map generated from modern climatic interpolation techniques (McKenney et al., 2001). Olsen, J.E., Jensen, J.B., Mlmann, J.A., Ernstsen, A. J. Climatol. . Average annual minimum temperatures determine these zones. J. Wisniewski, and K.K. III. USDA Misc. Gusta, M.E. Exploring the complexities of plant hardiness. Increased detail in the updated version was achieved primarily by applying interpolation methods that reproduce topographically based climatic patterns. Proc. Plant hardiness zone map for the United States (revised). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1650-A. These are an abbreviated growing season, with freezes possible in any month, and rapid, strong fluctuations in winter temperatures (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1980), which, when they occur on both sides of the freezing point, can initiate drastic dehardening and cause winter injury. Chilling, freezing, and high temperature stresses. In 2004, USDA-ARS initiated another effort to update the 1990 map, guided by modern standards of geostatistical analysis, accuracy, and resolution. Sta. The risk-assessment ability of the updated PHZM is further enhanced when used in conjunction with maps of the 30-year standard deviation in the PH statistic (Fig. 38 55 94. 6C) conform closely to the boundaries of Kchler's (1964) Black Hills Pine Forest. Frost and winter protection for grape, Plant high night temperature tolerance zones describing and predicting summer night temperature patterns and the southern limits of plant adaptation, A climatic classification of plant hardiness in the United States and Canada, Fine-scale processes regulate the response of extreme events to global climate change, The USDA plant hardiness zone map, 2003 edition. To read each map, click on the picture or header to see the full-size map. 3630N in the southeastern United States (P value of regression line < 0.0003); and (C) fifteen-minute longitudinal intervals along a lat. American Horticultural Society Plant Heat Zones (adapted from Cathey, 1997). However, one limitation with the 1936 map was that its zones were not based on consistent temperature intervals; some were 2.8 C (5 F), whereas others were 5.6 C (10 F) or 8.3 C (15 F). Your local yard or garden may be warmer or colder than what the PHZ map shows, but it serves as a good starting point when . . Univ. South Dakota maps of the spatial distribution of (A) moisture index (Im); (B) updated Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM); and (C) 10-year survival rate (S0) of woody plants introduced from Yugoslavia to the north-central United States, derived from the regression equation of Widrlechner et al. Tanino (eds.). USDA Zones 3a through 6a are represented in Wyoming. Landscape Plant Development Center, Chanhassen, MN. Symp. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The map is available as an interactive GIS-based map, for which a broadband Internet connection is recommended, and as static images for those with slower Internet access. Inst. Those that are numbered 1 through 11 are the lowest temperature ranges typical for that area and are ranked from coldest to warmest. Zone 4 indicates average annual extreme minimum temperatures of -30 degrees Fahrenheit to -20 degrees Fahrenheit. Jumoku ato bukku. Kokhno, N.A. The USDA Hardiness Zone Map divides North America into 11 separate planting zones; each growing zone is 10F warmer (or colder) in an average winter than the adjacent zone. Plant Sci. Most growers expect their newly established vineyard to remain productive for 30 years or more. In 1936, a slightly different approach was taken by Wyman [U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1936], who also produced a revised plant hardiness map for the United States, this time based on the PH statistic averaged over the years 18951935. Visit the ARS Plant Hardiness Zone Website, US Forest Service, FM-RM-VE Land Resource Res. USDA Zones 5a through 8a are represented in Virginia. 33 140 158, Daly, C., Widrlechner, M.P., Halbleib, M.D. For example, the USDA Risk Management Agency (RMA) relates plant hardiness zones to specific locations when it sets standards for crop insurance for horticultural and nursery crops based on the use of crop protection, such as greenhouses or rowcovers, and in the development of the Eligible Plant List and Plant Price Schedules (USDA, 2010). Widrlechner, M.P. Comparison of the 1990 Plant Hardiness Zone Map [PHZM (A)] and the updated version (B) for Oregon and Washington. USDA Unveils New Plant Hardiness Zone Map By Kim Kaplan January 25, 2012 WASHINGTONThe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) today released the new version of its Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM), updating a useful tool for gardeners and researchers for the first time since 1990 with greater accuracy and detail. 22 99 113, Daly, C., Halbleib, M., Smith, J.I., Gibson, W.P., Doggett, M.K., Taylor, G.H., Curtis, J. 1995 Climatologically aided interpolation (CAI) of terrestrial air temperature Intl. Sci. That gradient conforms well to expectations based on data collected in surrounding states, where SO values varied from 3% in Burleigh County, ND, to 48% in Carver County, MN, (Widrlechner et al., 1992). 5003. Revised 1981. 9 Aug. 2010. For example, the USDA Risk Management Agency uses the USDA plant hardiness zone designations to set some crop insurance standards. Match the type of blueberry seeds you plant to the conditions in your garden. Kchler, A.W. Fine-resolution mapping as a tool for site evaluation. The northwest reaches of the region, which include the states of Kentucky and West Virginia, include cold regions in USDA plant hardiness zone 6 (-23.3 to -17.8 C), while the southern reaches of the region, which include the state of Florida, include warm regions in plant hardiness zone 11 (4.4 to 10 C). The original color scheme of the 1990 map has been changed to match that of the updated version to allow a more direct visual comparison of the two maps (1 km = 0.6214 mile). WASHINGTONThe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) today released the new version of its Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM), updating a useful tool for gardeners and researchers for the first time since 1990 with greater accuracy and detail. This plant gives a tropical look in warm planting zones at the edge of the understory of a tree or in a border. But the picture is somewhat different when differences in the PH statistic were evaluated solely for the two 15-year periods that encompass the 30-year interval (19762005) used to develop the most recent update (Daly et al., 2012). CAB International, Wallingford, UK. White Oak Group, Chicago Heights, IL. This regression equation emerged from analyses of the results of a 10-year, multisite evaluation of a broad range of trees and shrubs introduced from the former nation of Yugoslavia during the 1970s, as part of the NC7 Regional Ornamental Plant Trials (Widrlechner, 2004). Advances in horticultural science and their applications. 5A), which are established grape-growing regions and have traditionally experienced less severe winter damage. Interestingly, the coolest zone on the island (11b) occurs in an elevated, interior valley, where cold air pools frequently on winter nights, and in adjacent highlands. 3. background: #215a64; 5); lower values are associated with lower risk (Table 4). The map website also incorporates a "find your zone by ZIP code" function. The occurrence of winter-freeze events in fruit crops grown in the Okanagan Valley and the potential impact of climate change, p. 190197. <. The accurate prediction of winter injury caused by low-temperature events is a key component of the effective cultivation of woody and herbaceous perennial plants. Such tools to facilitate zip code-based website searches were first developed in the 1990s. She is also a Master Gardener with over 40 years' experience; writing for over 20 years. Skinner, H.T. margin: 0; Advances in mapping and information technologies during the last two decades have facilitated the use of the preceding evaluation data. 26 707 721, Daly, C., Gibson, W.P., Taylor, G.H., Johnson, G.L. Alternatively, it could be used as a potted plant outside during warmer months and brought indoors for cooler months. As an example, the Walla Walla region in southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon has been considered a premium wine region since the 1860s (Irvine and Clore, 1997). The longer the ribbon that can be formed by handling a moist soil, the lower the ___ content. Plant List of Attributes, Names, Taxonomy, and Symbols. Symp. We present a short history of PHZM development, culminating in the recent production of a new, high-resolution version of the PHZM, and discuss how such maps relate to winterhardiness per se and to other climatic factors that affect hardiness. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland. J. 7 May 2010. width: 100%; J. Enol. USDA Zones 7b through 10a are represented in East Texas. The first zone lies at the coldest and . 80 631 637, Rioux, J.A., Richer, C. & Lamy, M.P. Of the three stages when injury often occurs, the frequency and severity of midwinter, low-temperature events have historically received considerable attention by plant scientists. Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD. In Canada, where plant adaptation is typically strongly limited by winter severity, Ouellet and Sherk (1967) determined that geographic variation in plant adaptation was best explained by a multivariate approach involving a wide range of climatic metrics, with emphasis on the PH statistic but also including the frost-free period, summer rainfall, maximum temperature, snow cover and wind (Agriculture Canada, 1981). J. Climatol. U.S. Department of Agriculture 1960 Plant hardiness zone map for the United States. USDA Zones 6b through 9a are represented in West Texas. Widrlechner, M.P. Res. . The new version of the map includes 13 zones, with the addition for the first time of zones 12 (50-60 degrees Fahrenheit) and 13 (60-70 degrees Fahrenheit). The maps are based on extreme minimum temperatures to typical high temperatures. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 Clim. The Spruce uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. 1994 Environmental analogs in the search for stress-tolerant landscape plants J. Arboriculture 20 114 119. The PH-statistic grid (Fig. Congr., Nice, France, 1958. The development and public release of the updated PHZM will advance our understanding of landscape-plant adaptation and plant distribution through its presentation of accurate minimum-temperature data at a fine scale via a user-friendly interface readily accessible to researcher and gardener alike. USDA Zones 3b through 5b are represented in Vermont. Washington Wine Commission 2010 Washingtonwine.org: The perfect climate for wine. . Pienaar, K. 1996 The ultimate book of trees and shrubs for southern African gardeners. of the 15th Intl. aux diverses conditions climatiques du nord-est canadien. Their recommendations can be more quickly and accurately developed by entering a location's zip code, confirming its zone, and relating the zones to published information about plant adaptation. The latitudinal delineation of zones in the central part of the conterminous United States is readily apparent, ranging from zone 3a in extreme northern Minnesota to zone 10a in extreme southeastern Texas (Fig. Comparison of the updated and 1990 Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM) zone temperature ranges. An official website of the United States government. Pigott, C.D. Ranking tables for population of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, Combined Statistical Areas, New England City and Town Areas, and Combined New England City and Town Areas: 1990 and 2000. Correlations between updated Plant Hardiness Zones (Table 1; x-axis) and American Horticultural Society (AHS) Heat Zones (Cathey, 1997) (Table 3; y-axis) for three transects. Two winters with record cold: Why was one a killer and the other not so bad? A map of the standard deviation of the 19762005 PH statistic in the conterminous United States (Fig. There are 11 different gardening zones that are designated on this map. 2). Sketch Publications, Vashon, WA. 5C) and also permits tentative identification of broad mesoclimates with lower risk than are typical within the region. 1400 Independence Ave., SW Thompson, R.S., Anderson, K.H. Sunset 1997 The 45 climate zones of the United States and Canada, p. 1678, In: National garden book. They were developed in response to the many requests received by USDA-ARS for a database that links zip codes to plant hardiness zones.

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